– Discussion: – in polio, paralytic equinovalgus deformity results from paralysis of tibialis anterior and posterior, together w/ unopposed action of peronei and triceps surae; – os calcis is everted and is displaced laterally and posteriorly; – sustentaculum tali can no longer function as calcaneal buttress for talar head, which shifts medially and into equinus; – hindfoot … Read more
– See: ankle equinus: cerebral palsy – Discussion: – more common in spastic hemiplegia, and is caused by overpull of of the tibialis posterior and/or anterior tibial tendons; – try to determine which of these muscles is more pathologically involved; … Read more
– Femoral Exposure: – femur is exposed by placing a medium Homan retractor under femoral neck & 2nd under quad. femoris & levering down on fascia lata; – leg is held in adduction, flexion and internal rotation such that tibia is vertical; – remove any remaining … Read more
– Methods: – increasing pin diameter: – most important factor in fixator stability; – adult tibia: usually requires fixation w/ 4.5 to 6.0 mm pins; – pins must be < 1/3 bone diameter to prevent pin hole fractures; … Read more
– See: – Limb Development – Longitudinal Growth: – Pediatric Bone Circulation – Salter Harris – Epiphyseal Physis: – Discussion: – cartilage model includes three elements, – articular cartilage: – formation of articular cartilage depends on: – interzone formation – resorption of the interzone – intersitial growth of the articular cartilage and underlying epiphyseal cartilage … Read more
– Adult Condylar Fractures: (surgical technique) – capitellar and coronal shear frx – distal humerus frx: – lateral condyle frx: – medial condyle frx: – distal humeral non union: – ulnar nerve in condylar fractures: – Pediatric Elbow Injuries – distal humeral physeal separation: – lateral condyle frx, pediatric – medial epicondyle frx of … Read more
– See: Elbow Dislocations in Adults: – Discussion: – elbow dislocations in children are a relatively uncommon; – peak incidence occurs in adolescence between 11-15 years. – posterior dislocations are most common type; – posterior dislocation usually results from fall on outstretched hand w/ forarm supinated & … Read more
– Discussion: – RA manifests itself in many ways in elbow joint, including nodules and bursae, synovitis, progressive joint destruction, antecubital cysts, & ulnar or, rarely posterior interosseous palsy; – note that involvement of the RA elbow is infrequently an isolated and therefore it is important to consider possible involvement in the wrist … Read more
– ROM: – normal flexion is from 0 to 150 deg of motion and 80 deg of pronation and supination; – functional range of motion is from 30-130 deg flexion and 50 deg of pronation-supination; – no tenderness, synovitis, swelling, subcutaneous nodules along the olecranon border (bursa), lateral/medial epicondyle; … Read more
Arthroscopy Arteries of the Upper Limb Aspiration of Elbow Biceps – distal tendon rupture Capitulum Fractures Condylar Fractures/ Pediatric Condylar Frx Coranoid Process Frx Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Elbow in the R.A. Patient Dislocations of the Elbow Distal Humeral Physeal Separation Flexion Contracture of the Elbow Hetertopic Bone Formation Lateral Epicondylitis Medial Collateral Ligament Medial Epicondylitis … Read more