– Discussion: – progression of severe slips after apparently solid in situ arthrodesis has led some to consider reduction and instrumentation for spondylolithesis; – another rationale for reduction of the slip is improvement in cosmetic appearance of the trunk; – slip angle: – … Read more
– Discussion: – From Hippocrates to the Eskimo – a history of techniques used to reduce anterior dislocation of the shoulder. – w/ a witnessed dislocation, consider immediate relocation on field; – this consists of initial slight abduction and internal derotation of affected arm; – this can be done … Read more
– Discussion: – treatment of jump locked or perched facets is reduction by halo traction and then placement of a halo jacket; – closed reduction usually succeeds; – Diff Dx: – prior to attempted reduction ensure that the diagnosis is correct; – the differential diagnosis should include pure … Read more
origin: anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas and the root of its transverse process; insertion: the inferior surface of the occipital bone anterior to the foreamen magnum; action: aids in flexion of the head and the neck; nerve supply: C1, C2; synergists: Sternocleidomastoid, Longus Colli, Longus Capitis
– See: anterior instability – Discussion: – characterized by dislocation occuring after minor trauma, relative ease of relocation, and evidence of multidirectional instability; – this condition is often present in overhead throwing athletes; – it may lead to thoracic outlet syndrome (dead arm syndrome); – causes: … Read more
origin: anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas and the root of its transverse process; insertion: the inferior surface of the occipital bone anterior to the foreamen magnum; action: aids in flexion of the head and the neck; nerve supply: C1, C2; synergists: Sternocleidomastoid, Longus Colli, Longus Capitis
– origin: superior surfaces of the transverse processes of the atlas; – insertion: inferior surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone; – action: aids in lateral flexion of the head on the neck; – nerve supply: C1, C2; – synergists: Longus Capitis, Longissimus Capitis, Semispinalis capitis
origin: from the lateral process of the axis; insertion: the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface of the bone immediately inferior to the line; action: extends the head and rotates it to the same side; nerve supply: a branch of the dorsal ramus of the suboccipital nerve; synergists: Rectus Capitis … Read more
– Discussion: – effect on tibial bone supply: (see blood supply to the tibia) – unreamed nails theoretically minimizes disruption of the endosteal vasculature; – references: – Early changes in nutrient artery blood flow following … Read more
– See: vascular malformations of the upper extremity – Discussion: – first described by Maurice Raynaud in 1862; – involves vasoconstriction of the cutaneous arteriovenous shunts, digital arteries, and precapillary arterioles; – pallor of the digits with or w/o cyanosis on exposure to cold; – Raynaud’s disease … Read more