External Rotators of the Hip
– Anatomy: – external rotators of thigh include (from superior to inferior) – Piriformis – conjoined tendons: – Gemellus Superior – Obturator Internus … Read more
Data Trace Editor
External Rotators of Shoulder
– See: – Infraspinatus: primary external rotator of humerus; – Posteior Deltoid – Teres Minor – Discussion: – the posterior rotator cuff is important for maintenance of necessary force couples in axial (transverse) and coronal planes. – preoperative muscle testing of the … Read more
External Rotation of Knee Joint
– See: Internal Rotation – Discussion: – external-rotation laxity increases w/ knee flexion, w/ largest amount (20 degrees) being seen in the 30-40-deg range of flexion; – external rotation is not directly limited by cruciate ligaments; – only PCL, which becomes taut at 90 deg of flexion, would be expected to … Read more
External Fixators: Technique of Metacarpal Pin Insertion:
– Metacarpal Incision: – always performed first, to ensure proper length of fixator; – make longitudinal incision from base of 2nd metacarpal to its midshaft; – terminal branches of radial sensory nerve can be identified & carefully retracted; – dissect down to bone, and insert … Read more
External Fixators: Reduction and Final Wrist Position
– See: – Over Distraction of Wrist Joint – Palmar Tilt Reduction – Radial Inclination Reduction – Wrist Position: – wrist is placed in neutral to slight extension w/ care taken not to over distraction the hand; – over distraction is related … Read more
External Fixators for Tibial Fracture
– External Fixation Main Menu – Discussion: – disadvantages of external fixation: – pin tract infections, delayed union / non-union, and malunion; – cosmetic problems; – advantages of external fixation: – technically easy to perform; – no soft tissue stripping; – ease of removing hardware; – comparison of IM nailing vs external fixation – Initial … Read more
External Fixators for Distal Tibial Frx
– See: IM Nailing for Distal Tibia Fracture – Discussion: – outcomes: – in a retrospecitive study, external fixation was considered a risk factor for non union (29% non union rate); – Distal tibia fractures: management and complications of 101 cases – reduction: – … Read more
External Fixators for Distal Radius Fractures
– See: orthofix fixator – Discussion: – convential “bridging” external fixation relies on ligamentotaxis to apply traction & restore displacement; – indications: – active pts when radial length is decr by > 3-4 mm; – presence of dorsal comminution; – when closed reduction fails to restore anatomic palmar tilt; – for any unstable or intra-articular … Read more
External Fixators
– General Fixator Considerations: – fracture healing: – references: – Comparison of osteotomy healing under external fixation devices with different stiffness characteristics. – External skeletal fixation of canine tibial osteotomies. Compression compared with no compression. – Comparison of the effects of compression plates and external fixators on … Read more
External Fixation to Control Hemorrhage
– See: – External Fixators for Pelvic Frx – Discussion: – see: vascular injuries in pelvic frx; – theory is that the mobile, sharp edges of frx lead to dislodgment of clotted blood and renewed bleeding; – open book pelvic frx (APC II and APC III) are most … Read more