– Discussion: – demonstrates the middle and posterior facet of sub-talar joint; – taken with the foot dorsiflexed, inverted, and internally rotated 60 deg; – Broden described a similar projection w/ limb internally rotated 45 deg; – he recommended taking 4 exposures with the … Read more
– Discussion: – motivation: w/ maximal elbow flexion, high extraneural pressures occur at the medial epicondyle; – hence the medial epicondyle is a major impinging structure which forces the ulnar nerve to make a sharp turn whenever the elbow is maximally flexed; – medial … Read more
– Discussion: – medial malleolar frx result from direct impact of talus or from tension as talus rotates or moves laterally following fibula; – in children medial malleolus frx may represent supination inversion frx; – injury patterns: – deep deltoid ligament may be torn, leaving malleolus intact; – anterior colliculus may be avulsed by superficial … Read more
– Anatomy: – humeral origin of MCL lies posterior to axis of elbow flexion, creating cam effect; – hence, anterior fibers are stressed in extension & posterior fibers are stressed in flexion; – anterior oblique, posterior oblique ligament, & small transverse ligament are 3 major portions of the … Read more
– See: Medial Collateral Ligament: – Superficial Layer (Layer I) – most superficial layer includes the deep fascia that arises from anterior to posterior encases entire medial aspect of the knee & coalesces w/ hamstring muscles and posteromedial capsule; – this first layer is superficial to superficial MCL; … Read more
– See: Medial Approach: – Discussion: – medial epicondyle is common origin of several flexor muscles of hand and wrist; – when medial epicondyle is frxed, flexor muscles pull fragment distally; – during surgical procedure care must be made to protect ulnar nerve; – Fixation Stratedgy: – … Read more
– See: – Pediatric Elbow Injuries – distal humeral physeal separation – lateral condyle frx, pediatric – supracondylar frx of humerus – Discussion: – third most common pediatric elbow frx (5-10%) (behind supracondylar and lateral condylar fractures); – most common between ages of 9 … Read more
– Discussion: – may begin as a microtear between the pronator teres and the FCR; – often associated w/ ulnar neuritis (see cubital tunnel); – Exam: – tenderness over the origin of the forearm flexors; – resisted pronation and/or flexion will elicit pain in most patients; … Read more
– Anatomy: – innervation: (C8, T1); – medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve descends in the arm anterior and medial to brachial artery; – at distal to mid forearm level, nerve emerges from under brachial fascia adjacent to basilic vein; – it innervates the skin of anterior & medial … Read more
– See: Anteromedial Approach – Discussion: – may be used for frx dislocations of talus, traumatic injuries to ankle joint, and osteochondritis dissecans of the talus; – disadvantages: possible to injure the tibial vessels and nerves; – incision: – centered on malleolus & is made … Read more