The Hip - book

Azithromycin / Zithromax

– Discussion:     – macrolide type of antibiotic, which binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria;     – a notable feature of this medication is that zithromax collects in the tissues at higher concentrations than in plasma or serum;     – mainly indicated for the treatment of aerobic gram-positive organisms … Read more

Azlocillin/Azlin

– See Penicillin Family – Adult: 2-24gm q4-6hr Injection or 200-450mg/kg/24hr; 1.85mEq Na/gm; – More active than Ticarcillin against P. aeruginosa; – Same activity as Ticarcillin against Enterobacteriacae; – Note: Ratioof CSF to Blood Level (%): Normal Meninges;        – Inflammed Meninges: 13; – Dosing Regimens for Patients with Renal Insufficiency: (Dose for … Read more

Aztreonam/Azactam

– for aerobic Gm Neg bact and Enteric & P. aeruginosa – Adult: 1-2gm IV/IM q6-12hr; – Not effective for Gm pos nor anaerobic bacteria; – Poor activity with: Staph, enterococci, NonEnteroStrep; – may be given to Penicillin sensative individuals; – Good diffusion from blood into CSF only with inflammation;     Ratio of CSF … Read more

Bacillus anthracis

– is an aerobic spore forming organism found in sheep, cattle, horses, and swine; – there may be a gangrenous ulcer on the hand, secondary lymphadenitis, septicemia, and further complications; – penicillin is the agent of choice Images in clinical medicine. Cutaneous anthrax.

Bacitracin

– Discussion:     – is bactericidal antibiotic active only against Gm Pos organisms and a few gm neg organisms such as GC and Meningococci;     – commonly used topically and is effective PO in Rx of C.difficile colitis;     – apply ointment to area one or more times daily;     – … Read more

Axillary Approach to the Shoulder

– Indications:     – most often used for anterior shoulder reconstructions – Positioning:     – beach chair w/ full access to posterior aspect of shoulder;     – holding shoulder in flexion, will relax shoulder & facilitate exposure;     – consider the Mconnel Shoulder Positioner;     – references:       … Read more

Axillary Artery

– See: Arteries of the Upper Limb – Discussion:     – the axillary artery begins at the first rib as a direct continuation of the subclavian artery and becomes the brachial artery at the lower border of the teres major     – artery passes behind pectoralis minor in its course thru axilla & is conveniently described as having 3 … Read more

Axillary nerve

– Discuussion: – axillary nerve (C5, C6) originates from and passes backward from posterior cord of brachial plexus  – at level of axilla; – it arises immediately posterior to the coracoid process and conjoined tendon; – it crosses the inferolateral surface of the subscapularis, 3-5 mm medial to the musculotendinous border; – sweeping a finger … Read more

Axillary View of the Shoulder

– Discussion:     – best true lateral view of shoulder; – Allows Evaluation of:     – head compression frx: (allows assessment of presence and size);     – lesser tuberosity            – lesser tuberosity is seen anteriorly as a small inverted V on anterior surface of the humeral head; … Read more

Azathioprine

– Discussion:  – prevents conversion of purine bases by suppressing synthesis of guanine and adenosine; – RA Doses: 1-2.5 mg/kg/day;  – onset of action is usually 12 to 24 weeks;  – discontinuation of the drug is marked by a return in disease activity;  – Toxicity:  – most common toxicity is gastrointestinal including nausea, anorexia, and, … Read more