– Anatomy: – primary ventral rami of five lumbar nerves and of first four sacral nerves combine to form the lumbar (L1, L2, L3, L4) & lumbosacral (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4) plexuses, each giving rise to anterior and posterior branches; – anterior branches supply flexor … Read more
– See: Fusion to Sacrum: – Indications for Rx: – curves > 40-45 deg; – documented progression; – marked imbalance with a shift to one side; – substantial pain; – Operative Considerations: – attempt to increase lordosis compared with that noted … Read more
– Discussion: – spinal stensosis is a narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal and/or neural foramina; – results in compression of the cauda equina and lumbar nerve roots, producing neural root ischemia and neurogenic claudication; – compression of neural structures also compresses vascular supply of nerves so that symptoms are predominately those of … Read more
– Discussion: – their heights are less than their horizontal diameters; – pedicles are relatively short and project from the upper half of body; – laminae are thick & droop below level of pedicles but do not overlap; – spinous process is hatchet-shaped and projects horizontally, with … Read more
– Discussion: – index lumbrical is adherent to roof of thenar bursa; – second, third, & 4th lumbrical sheaths are not so easily demonstrated, but when present usually overlie mid palmar bursa or space; – lumbar sheaths extend from the web area to the center of the palm; … Read more
– Discussion: – low back pain is the second most common symptomatic reason for physician visits (followed by URTI) – diff dx: – waddel criteria: – Exam of Lumbar Spine: – exam of C-Spine: – neuro exam – general assessment: … Read more
– Discussion: – plain radiographs: – in low risk patients, radiographs are indicated if LBP does not improve after 6 weeks; – low risk implies that the patient is between 18-50 years, acute onset, absence of night pain, no … Read more
– See: – Cervical Compression Frx: – Burst Frx of Spine – Flexion Tear Drop Frx – Extension Teardrop Frx of C2 – Discussion: – may be clinically & radiographically similar to flexion teardrop frx; – its … Read more
Anatomy origin: from bondies of the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd thoracic vertebrae, with the slips from transverse processes; insertion: it lies on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies between C1 and T3; bodies of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cervicals with slips to transverse processes; action: acting bilaterally, … Read more
– See: – Limb Development – Pediatric Bone Circulation – Salter Harris – Epiphyseal Physis: – Discussion: – longitudinal growth depends on both proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes in the growth plate; – longitudinal growth of bone is complicated … Read more