Frost Bite
– Pathophysiology: – effects of cooling: – temperature of the hands and feet is partially determined by ateriovenous regulation of blood flow; – vascular effects: – severe vasoconstriction 2nd to increased sympathetic tone; … Read more
Muscles Tendons
Fractures of the Talus
– Type I: – non displaced fracture of talar neck: – only those frxs in which there is no displacement of the subtalar joints should be designated as type I frxs; – type I frxs are treated w/ below the knee cast immobilization for 8-12 weeks until clinical & x-ray signs … Read more
Fractures of the Lateral Talar Process
– Discussion: – two processes, lateral & posterior, project from body of talus; – either process may be fractured, either as isolated injury or assoc w/ other ankle or talar injuries; – it is frequently confused w/ an ankle sprain; – non union is a frequent complication … Read more
Fractures of the Olecranon
– See: – Pediatric Frx of the Olecranon – Radial Head Fractures – Discussion: – low energy olecranon fractures: – most commonly occur in elderly patients, and result from indirect trauma; – fracture and results from a sudden pull of both the triceps and brachialis muscles; – frx begins at midpoint of trochlear notch and … Read more
Fractures of the Patella
– See: – Anatomy – Biomechanics – Classification of Patellar Fractures – Osteochondral Frx – Pediatric Patellar Avulsion Fractures – Discussion: – classification of patellar fractures – mechanism: – direct trauma … Read more
Fractures of the Sesamoid Bones of Thumb
– Anatomy: – sesamoids of MP joint of thumb lie with in lateral margins of palmar plate at origin of fibrous tunnel of flexor pollicis longus; – accessory collateral ligaments insert into lateral margins of sesamoids; – tendon of adductor pollicis inserts on ulnar sesamoid – tendon … Read more
Fractures of the Lesser and Greater Trochanter
– Lesser Trochanteric Fracture: – isolated fracture of the lesser trochanter is quite rare but may develop as a result of the avulsion force if the iliopsoas muscle; – it occurs commonly as a component of intertrochanteric fracture; – frx of the lesser trochanter along with a subtroch or intertroch fracture … Read more
Fractures of Posterior Process of Talus
– Discussion: – two processes, lateral & posterior, project from body of talus – either process may be fractured, either as isolated injury or assoc w/ other ankle or talar injuries; – diff dx of posterior ankle pain: (os trigonum) – embryology: … Read more
Fractures and Dislocations of the Proximal Fibula
– See: – Lateral Collateral Ligament – Maisonneuve Fracture – Discussion: – occur most often in association w/ proximal tibial fractures, esp w/ split compression, bicondylar, and subcondlylar fractures; – look for injury to peroneal nerve, anterior tibial artery, biceps tendon, & lateral collateral ligament; … Read more
Fracture Dislocation: at the PIP Joint
– See: Diff Dx – Discussion: – when the volar lip fracture of the middle phalanx involves 20% or more of the articular surface, the remainder of the middle phalanx subluxes dorsally; – this unstable injury requires more sophisticated treatment than the simple volar plate avulsion; – Radiographs: … Read more