– Discussion: – frx occur as a result of a fall – from direct and indirect forces; – occurs along lines between greater and less trochanters; – theoretically extracapsular, however, it is not always possible to distinguish betwee intertroch and basilar femoral neck frx; – extracapsular intertroch frx occur thru cancellous bone, which has an … Read more
– Discussion: – major internal rotators are teres major, latissimus, pect major; – latissimus dorsi & teres major insert along medial lip of bicipital groove & pectoralis major along lateral lip and also serve as internal rotators; – these muscles comprise larger mass than those that externally rotate the humerus … Read more
– Discussion: – medial rotation of the tibia at the knee causes an intoeing gait; – it is measured by the angular difference between transmalleolar axis & bicondylar axis of knee; – may result in part to excessive medial ligamentous tightness; – it is associated with metatarsus … Read more
(for Discogenic Pain) – Discussion: – performed with the patient prone with arms at the sides; – examiners thumbs finds an interspace and exerts sharp downward pressure seeking a reproduction of pain; – several interspaces are tested to find levels that are not painful for comparison; – if no … Read more
– Discussion: – one of most common knee injuries in children; – most common in children between ages of 8-14 yrs; – usually result from avulsions of anterior intercondylar eminence from pull of ACL; – fragment of tibial spine may be non displaced, or … Read more
– See: – Anteromedial Instability – Anterolateral Instability – external rotation – Discussion: – internal-rotation laxity increases w/ knee flexion, w/ largest amount (25 degrees) seen in the 20 to 40-degree range of knee flexion; – of all of structures around the knee, only MCL and ACL play an important role in the … Read more
– Discussion: – in normal knees, constant relationship exists between length of patella (LP) and length of the patella tendon (LT); – length of tendon (LT) is measured on its post surface from the lower pole of patella to its insertion on top of tibial tubercle; … Read more
– Technique Considerations: – entry into the medullary canal: – femoral reaming: – broaching for press fit stems: – the last broach in inserted carefully and should advance with each blow of the mallet; – as the broach is … Read more
– Discussion: – when needle is inserted into muscle or moved w/in muscle, there is a single burst of activity that usually lasts 300 to 500 ms; – activity is related to movement of electrode and is thought to result from mechanical stimulation or injury of the muscle fibers; – Increased Insertional Activity: … Read more
– Destot’s sign: – superficial hematoma above inguinal ligament or in scrotum or thigh; – may indicate a pelvic fracture, as may a limb-length discrepancy or obvious rotational deformity of the pelvis or lower extremity; – Roux’s sign: – a decrease in the distance from the greater trochanter to … Read more