Heart Rate
– Discussion: – every effort should be made to maintain sinus rhythm, the sinus mechanism being responsible for approx 25% of cardiac f(x); – this is effected predominately thru synchronized end dialstolic Preload augmentation
Data Trace Editor
Head Injury in the Child
– Discussion: – children have relatively fewer intracranial-mass lesions but relatively more intracranial hypertension than adults; – tendency to have diffuse brain swelling puts children at increased risk of secondary brain injury; – all children with Glasgow coma scores less/= 12 require special monitoring of their neurologic status; … Read more
Hawkins Type III Talar Fractures
– See: Avascular Necrosis and Salvage of Talus Fractures – Discussion: – displaced frx of talar neck with dislocation of body of talus from both subtalar joint and ankle joint; – when body dislocates, it is usually found on posterior medial aspect adjacent to the Achilles tendon; – body … Read more
Hawkins Type II Talar Frx
– Discussion: – displaced frx of talar neck (no matter how slight) w/ subluxation or dislocation of posterior facet of sub-talar joint; – subtalar joint subluxation is usually dorsal; – ankle remains aligned; – persistent slight displacement will result in malunion (usually in varus) which will produce … Read more
Hawkins Type I Talar Fractures
– Discussion: – type I fractures represent non displaced fractures; – fracture line entering the subtalar joint between the middle and posterior facets; – only those frxs in which there is no displacement of frx line and no incongruity of subtalar joint are designated as type I frx; – … Read more
Hawkins sign
– Discussion: – sign provides evidence of revascularization of talar body; – indicated by patchy subchondral osteoporosis at approx 6-8 weeks; – appearance of decreased subchondral bone density (subchondral resporption) in the dome of talus 6 to 8 wks following injury indicates that there is sufficient vascular supply to bone to … Read more
Hawkins Classification of Talar Frx
– Type I Talar Fractures: – non displaced fractures of the talar neck without dislocation – AVN: 10% – important challenge w/ this injury is ensuring that anatomic reduction is obtained with no varus rotation; – treated closed, usually w/ short leg cast w/ foot in slight … Read more
Haversian System
– Discussion: – haversian systems are of two types, primary and secondary; – primary systems are formed on the growing surface of bone; periosteal vessels running in long axis of bone become surrounded by bone, first in a trough, then completely buried in canal; – this canal is at first … Read more
Harris Beath View
– See: – Radiographic Features of Talocalcaneal Coalition – Discussion: – demonstrates the body of the calcaneus, middle facet of the sub-talar Joint and the sustenaculum tali; – Talocalcaneal Coalition: – x-ray appearance of two facets either in same plane or at an angle greater than 20 deg to each other suggests coalition; – … Read more
Harrington Instrumentation
– Spinal Fracture: – this type of fixation is now outdated, and the text is maintained for historical context; – capable for providing adequate fixation for most spine fractures; – will reduce angular deformities and restore vertebral body height; – indications: – … Read more