Data Trace Editor – product of respiratory Rate and tidal volume; – note: oxygenation is Independent of minute volume until ventilation is very low. hence: increasing minute volume does not improve oxygenation; – note: CO2 removal is directly dependent on minute volume. – pCO2 should be maintained at 40 mm or less; – w/ Met. acidosis: consider: – … Read more
– See: Ligamentous Instability: – Discussion: – compressive forces are transmitted thru the posterior vertebral body wall onto the two Uncovertebral joints; – there is no significant disk material in this middle column; – tensile forces are w/ stood by posterior longitudinal ligament and the posterior Annulus fibrosus; … Read more
– Discussion: – slightly concave, is situated on the sustenaculum tali; – sustenaculum forms the floor of middle facet; – between middle & posterior articular facets lies interosseous sulcus (calcaneal groove), which opens broadly laterally & forms, w/ talar sulcus, sinus tarsi; – Radiology: – medial oblique axial … Read more
– See: – Characteristics of Phalangeal and Metacarpal Fracture: – Injury to the Phalanges: – Discussion: – important deforming force is the insertion of central slip into the dorsum of the base of the middle phalanx & insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis volarly; – … Read more
– See: – Cuboid Fracture – Jones Fracture – Lisfranc’s Fracture – Midtarsal Injuries – Navicular – Stress Fractures of the Forefoot and Midfoot – Transverse Tarsal Joint – Discussion: – fifth metatarsal fracture patterns; – Avulsion frx of base of 5th metatarsal from pull of peroneus brevis; – Jones frx – transverse fracture thru … Read more
(see also: Midfoot/Forefoot Fractures; Navicular Frx; Cuboid Frx; Longitudinal Stress Injuries of Midtarsal Joint) Medial Stress Injury type of sprain of the midtarsal joint; caused by inversion of the foot, inaddition, fracture subluxation of joint may be found; Lateral Stress Injury this injury is frequently misdiagnosed as an ankle sprain; characteristic feature of these injuries … Read more
– Discussion: – see management of osteochondral injuries and cartilage menu – microfracture is a knee surgery that involves the creation of multiple perforations (microfractures in the subchondral bone) in areas that are cartilage deficient. – theory behind this type of technique is that simple abrasion arthroplasty may not allow a sustained reparative response (no more than 2 weeks of healing) where … Read more
– Discussion: – osteoclasts are found in most of bone tumors, or at least there are multinucleated cells that look like osteoclasts; – there cells are quite striking in appearance; – host bone involved by a tumor reacts to it in a very limited manner; – … Read more
– Discussion: – meniscal cells while typical chondrocytes, are called fibrochondrocytes because they synthesize fibrocartilage matrix, rather than hyaline cartilage matrix typical of articular cartilage; – menisci are composed of circumferentially oriented collagen fibers, which are parallel to its peripheral border; – orientation of type I collagen fiber bundles is the major determinant … Read more
– Discussion: – there are three types of cells intimately associated with bone: osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; – osteocytes dwell in small lacunae within the bone matrix; – they are oval in cross section, their longest diameter being roughly parallel to the lamellae of mature bone; … Read more