Data Trace Editor

Alan Breen, Steven Vogel, and Christopher McCarthy INTRODUCTION Manual therapy (MT) is a very common practice among primates and its range of uses and the variety of techniques is probably infinite. It has been professionalised for the treatment of a variety of conditions for at least two millennia with texts appearing in China and in … Read more

Peter Gladwell, Shea Palmer, and Fiona Cramp WHAT IS TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS)? Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a portable, inexpensive and low risk form of electrostimulation, typically delivered via self-adhesive pads or carbon rubber pads with conducting gel that are attached over the area of pain. TENS has been defined as “the delivery … Read more

Tamar Pincus and Chris Main WHY ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS RELEVANT TO PEOPLE WITH SPINAL PAIN? As technology and communication of scientific findings improve, so grows the consensus that the experience of pain needs to be understood and treated within the conceptual framework of the biopsychosocial model. This approach is supported by a plethora of studies … Read more

Annina B. Schmid and Brigitte Tampin INTRODUCTION Non-specific low back pain is a common health complaint (mean point prevalence of 18.3%) and is associated with the highest socio-economic burden amongst different chronic pain conditions.1 Spinally referred leg pain is a common variation of low back pain with a prevalence of 1.2% to 43% in the … Read more

Varsha Gandhi, Debbie Brown and Esther Williamson INTRODUCTION Low back pain is common amongst older adults (usually considered to be people over 65 years of age). Nearly one third of older adults reported bothersome back pain in the last month, more often than hip or knee pain.1 Older people, as compared to younger people, report … Read more

Serena Bartys and Mette Jensen Stochkendahl BACKGROUND Work disability due to low back pain (LBP) is now a leading health concern, resulting in significant healthcare costs and welfare payments, causing more global disability than any other condition.1 In the United States (US) indirect costs of LBP are estimated to be more than US $50 billion … Read more

Nicolas Plais, MD and Federico P. Girardi, MD INTRODUCTION/CONCEPTS In 2003,1 Bertagnoli et al. described the transpsoas approach to access the retroperitoneal lumbar spine. In 2006,2 Ozgur et al. described a minimally invasive technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion with less morbidity than the classic retroperitoneal approach. Today, lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is a … Read more

Helton Defino, Fabio Galbusera, Hans-Joachim Wilke HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Pedicle screw fixation represents a landmark in the field of spinal surgery. In view of the biomechanical advantages of pedicular fixation systems, which provide more tridimensional stability to the vertebral segment with a small area of instrumentation, even in the absence of posterior vertebral elements, and improves … Read more

Rajasekaran, S. Dilip Chand Raja, and Ajoy Prasad Shetty INTRODUCTION Pedicle screws with its capability to achieve three-column fixations and higher fusion rates have revolutionized the use of instrumentation in spine surgery. They provide good biomechanical anchorage by achieving three-column fixations and, therefore,permits the surgeon to avoid long segment fixations.Theyare now used in a wide … Read more

Xavier F. Jimenez and Sara Davin INTRODUCTION Pain is an experience that is perceived by the brain and is indisputably modifiable by psychological components, including but not limited to emotions and beliefs. Actual physical tissue or nerve damage is neither necessary nor sufficient for the perception of pain. Anger, depression, anxiety, fear and other psychological … Read more