---

- Discussion:
    - limited angulation will have greater effect on loss of motion than will more distal forearm fractures;
    - the combination of a proximal radial frx, along with an ulnar shaft fracture is known as a Monteggia equivalent (see pediatric Monteggia frx);

- Deforming Forces:
    - above insertion of pronator teres;
    - proximal fragment of radius is supinated & flexed because of unopposed action of biceps brachii & supinator, and the distal fragment is pronated by the action of the pronator teres & pronator quadratus muscles;
    - to obtain alignment of the fracture, the distal fragment should be supinated