- Discussion: 
- rapid fluid infusion should be slowed when right atrial or central venous pressure reaches 12 to 15 mm Hg. 
- in most patients, when atrial pressures are approximately 15 mm Hg, further increases do not seem to increase Cardiac Output; 
- thus, when central venous or right atrial pressure is less than 6 mm Hg augmentation of blood volume is indicated; 
- positive pressure ventilation, pneumothorax, abdominal distension, & pericardial tamponade are conditions that falsely elevate CVP values