- Associated Conditions:
- ligament laxity
- hypotonia
- mental impairment
- heart disease (50%)
- endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism and diabetes)
- premature aging
- spinal abnormalities:
- atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation in Down's syndrome
- evaluated with flexion and extension views of spine;
- C1/C2 fusion has a high complication rate in these patients and is usually reserved for patients w/ neurological comprimise (often w/ > 7 mm
of instability demonstrated on flexion/extension views);
- scoliosis: may develop in upto 50% of patients;
- spondylolithesis
- references:
- Complications of posterior arthrodesis of the cervical spine in patients who have Down syndrome.
- Atlantoaxial dislocation in Down's syndrome: Report of 2 cases requiring surgical correction.
- Chronic atlanto-axial instability in Down syndrome.
- Atlantoaxial instability in individuals with Down's syndrome: A fresh look at the evidence.
- Surgical treatment of symptomatic atlantoaxial subluxation in Down's syndrome.
- hip joint:
- SCFE
- hip dysplasia:
- references:
- Hip disease in adults with Down syndrome.
- The hip joint in Down's syndrome. A study of its structure and associated disease.
- Management of dislocation of the hip in Down Syndrome.
- Dislocation of the hip in trisomy 21.
- Total hip replacement in Down's Syndrome.
- The hip joint in Down's syndrome. A study of its structure and associated disease.
- Total hip arthroplasty in patients with Down's syndrome.
- knee:
- patella dislocation
- reference: Treatment of patellofemoral instability in Down's syndrome.
- feet:
- planovalgus feet;
- severe planovalgus deformities may lead to midfoot breakdown during childhood, which may at first glance seem to resemble the hindfoot
valgus deformities often seen in cerebral palsy;
- unlike CP, there is probably few indications for surgical reconstruction
Orthopedic disorders in patients with Down's syndrome.