- Discussion:
    - atlantoaxial rotary subluxation in association w/ pharyngeal infection, occurs predominantly in children;
    - it results in severe torticollis, resistant to manual therapy;
    - > 5 mm of anterior displacement of arch of C-1 (Fielding type III) indicates disruption of both facet capsules as well as transverse 
           ligament;
    - reduction w/ skeletal traction, followed by atlantoaxial fusion, is recommended;

- Management:
    - vast majority of pts w/ this form of torticollis improve spontaneously;
    - in those few cases in which persistent sig instability is present, stabilization by posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis is required.

Grisel's syndrome.

The pharyngovertebral veins: an anatomical rationale for Grisel's syndrome.