- Discussion:
      - consideration of gout or pseudogout is appropriate if cultures are negative and yet symptoms are consistent with TKR infection;
      - in some cases, the sed rate and/or the CRP may not be elevated as much as would be seen with infection;
      - see work up of painful knee replacment

- Gout and TKR: (see gout)
          - references:
                 - Acute crystal arthritis mimicking infection after total knee arthroplasty 
                 - Acute crystal-induced arthritis following arthroplasty.
                 - Gout-induced arthropathy after total knee arthroplasty: a report of two cases
                 - Acute gouty arthritis in a patient after total knee arthroplasty
                 - Gouty synovitis after total knee arthroplasty: a case report
                 - Acute gouty arthropathy after total knee arthroplasty.
                 - Acute gouty arthropathy after total knee arthroplasty. A case report.
                 - [Gouty arthritis in a total knee prosthesis].
                 - Total Knee Arthroplasty Failure and Gouty Arthropathy
                 - Gout-induced arthropathy after total knee arthroplasty: a report of two cases
                 - Recurrence of gout after total knee arthroplasty. 

- PseudoGout and TKR: (see pseudogout)
      - reference:
             - Pseudogout After Total Knee Arthroplasty. 
             - Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease (Pseudogout) after Total Knee Arthroplasty. 
             - Three cases of pseudogout complicated with unicondylar knee arthroplasty 
             - Acute crystal arthritis mimicking infection after total knee arthroplasty 
             - A case of mistaken identity: pseudogout in a prosthetic knee.

             - Bilateral pseudogout 8 years after bilateral total knee arthroplasty
             - Pseudogout in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty
             - Acute crystal-induced arthritis following arthroplasty.