Normal limits of knee angle in white children--genu varum and genu valgum. ³

---

Heath CH. Staheli LT. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 13(2):259-62, 1993 Mar-Apr. Knee angle and intermalleolar (IM) or intercondylar (IC) distance were measured in 196 white children aged 6 months to 11 years to establish normal limits of tibiofemoral angle. Children were maximally bowlegged at * age 6 months and progressed toward approximately neutral knee angles (0 degree) by age 18 months. Greatest mean knock knee of 8 degrees was observed at age 4 years, followed by a gradual decrease to a mean of < 6 degrees at 11 years. Normal children aged 2-11 years had knock knee up to Á 12 degrees and intermalleolar distance up to 8 cm; the existence of bowlegs after age 2 years was abnormal. *